Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Authentication shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Authentication offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Authentication at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Authentication? Wrong! If the Authentication is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Authentication then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Authentication? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Authentication and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Authentication wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Authentication then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Authentication site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Authentication, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Authentication, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Authentication (from Greek
αυθεντικός; real or genuine, from
authentes; author) is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone) as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the thing are true. Authenticating an object may mean confirming its provenance, whereas authenticating a person often consists of verifying their identity. Authentication depends upon one or more authentication factors.
There are many fields where authentication is necessary:
Products
Counterfeit products are common: electronics, clothing, pharmaceuticals, etc. Authentication is necessary to help ensure that the product is authentic to protect consumers and for brand protection.Special seals, marks, and
labels are often used to aid authentication.
Money
Counterfeit banknotes and cheques are a continuing problem. Great efforts are being made to make authentication easier and more reliable.
Packages
In packaging and labelling, authentication refers to the use of special seals, labels, or markings which indicate that the package and contents are authentic. Sometimes substitute pharmaceuticals, perfume, fashion clothing, etc. are marketed as authentic when, in fact, they are not.
Credit cards
It is often necessary to authenticate a credit card prior to completing a transaction.
Computer security
In computer security, authentication is the process of attempting to verify the
digital identity of the sender of a communication such as a request to log in. The sender being authenticated, often referred to as the principal, may be a person using a computer, a computer itself or a
computer program. A
blind credential, in contrast, does not establish identity at all, but only a narrow right or status of the user or program.
In a
web of trust, "authentication" is a way to ensure users are who they say they are—that the user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact the user who is authorized to do so.
To distinguish authentication from the closely related term authorization, the short-hand notations
A1 (authentication) and
A2 (authorization) are occasionally used.The terms
AuthN /
AuthZ or
Au /
Az are also used to make this distinction in some communities.
The problem of authorization is often thought to be identical to that of authentication; many widely adopted standardization security protocols, obligatory regulations, and even statutes are based on this assumption. However, more precise usage describes authentication as the process of verifying a person's identity, while authorization is the process of verifying that a known person has the authority to perform a certain operation. Authentication, therefore, must precede authorization. For example, when you show proper identification to a bank teller, you could be authenticated by the teller, and you would be authorized to access information about your bank accounts. You would not be authorized to access accounts that are not your own.
Since authorization cannot occur without authentication, the former term is sometimes used to mean the combination of authentication and authorization.
Access control
One familiar use of authentication is access control. A computer system supposed to be used only by those authorized must attempt to detect and exclude the unauthorized. Access to it is therefore usually controlled by insisting on an authentication procedure to establish with some established degree of confidence the identity of the user, thence granting those privileges as may be authorized to that identity. Common examples of access control involving authentication include:
- withdrawing cash from an Automated Teller Machine.
- controlling a remote computer over the Internet.
- using an online banking system.
However, note that much of the discussion on these topics is misleading because terms are used without precision. Part of this confusion may be due to the 'law enforcement' tone of much of the discussion. No computer, computer program, or computer user can 'confirm the identity' of another party. It is not possible to 'establish' or 'prove' an identity, either. There are tricky issues lurking under what appears to be a straightforward surface.
It is only possible to apply one or more tests which, if passed, have been previously declared to be sufficient to proceed. The problem is to determine which tests are sufficient, and many such are inadequate. There have been many instances of such tests having been spoofed successfully; they have by their failure shown themselves, inescapably, to be inadequate. Many people continue to regard the test(s) -- and the decision to regard success in passing them—as acceptable, and blame their failure on 'sloppiness' or 'incompetence' on the part of someone. The problem is that the test was supposed to work in practice -- not under ideal conditions of no sloppiness or incompetence—and did not. It is the test which has failed in such cases. Consider the very common case of a
confirmation email which must be replied to in order to activate an online account of some kind. Since email can easily be arranged to go to or come from
bogus and untraceable addresses, this is an extremely weak authentication method.
Multifactor authentication
Human authentication factors are generally classified into three cases:
- Something the user has (e.g., ID card, security token, software token, phone, or cell phone)
- Something the user knows (e.g., a password, pass phrase, or personal identification number (PIN))
- Something the user is or does (e.g., fingerprint or retinal pattern, DNA sequence (there are assorted definitions of what is sufficient), signature or voice recognition, unique bio-electric signals, or another biometric identifier)
Often a combination of methods is used, e.g., a bankcard and a PIN, in which case the term 'two-factor authentication' is used. In 2006, several scientists at
RSA Laboratories published a paper exploring social networking as a fourth factor of human authentication.
Historically, fingerprints have been used as the most authoritative method of authentication, but recent court cases in the US and elsewhere have raised fundamental doubts about fingerprint reliability. Other biometric methods are promising (retinal and fingerprint scans are an example), but have shown themselves to be easily Forgeryable in practice.
In a computer data context, cryptographic methods have been developed (
see digital signature and challenge-response authentication) which are currently not spoofable
if and only if the originator's key has not been compromised. That the originator (or anyone other than an
Adversary) knows (or doesn't know) about a compromise is irrelevant. It is not known whether these cryptographically based authentication methods are provably secure since unanticipated mathematical developments may make them vulnerable to attack in future. If that were to occur, it may call into question much of the authentication in the past. In particular, a
digital signature legal instrument may be questioned when a new attack on the cryptography underlying the signature is discovered.
Strong authentication
The
United States United States government's National Information Assurance Glossary defines
strong authentication as:
Layered authentication approach relying on two or more authenticators to establish the identity of an originator or receiver of information.
See also
External links
- Password Management Best Practices.
- Password Policy Guidelines.
- General Information on Enterprise Authentication.
- Guide to CISSP, Information Security Certification.
- Fourth-Factor Authentication: Somebody You Know or episode 94,related on it - on SecurityNow
- MySecureCyberspace: a resource for home users created by Carnegie Mellon CyLab
- [https://passkeeping.com/ PassKeeping: login on public computers without typing your real
- ISBN 038726194X - Biometric User Authentication for IT Security: Vielhauer, Claus 2005
- ISBN 0980000009 - User Authentication Principles, Theory, and Practice: Apelbaum 2006
Authentication (from Greek
αυθεντικός; real or genuine, from
authentes; author) is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone) as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the thing are true. Authenticating an object may mean confirming its provenance, whereas authenticating a person often consists of verifying their identity. Authentication depends upon one or more authentication factors.
There are many fields where authentication is necessary:
Products
Counterfeit products are common: electronics, clothing, pharmaceuticals, etc. Authentication is necessary to help ensure that the product is authentic to protect consumers and for brand protection.Special seals, marks, and
labels are often used to aid authentication.
Money
Counterfeit banknotes and cheques are a continuing problem. Great efforts are being made to make authentication easier and more reliable.
Packages
In
packaging and labelling, authentication refers to the use of special seals, labels, or markings which indicate that the package and contents are authentic. Sometimes substitute pharmaceuticals, perfume, fashion clothing, etc. are marketed as authentic when, in fact, they are not.
Credit cards
It is often necessary to authenticate a
credit card prior to completing a transaction.
Computer security
In
computer security, authentication is the process of attempting to verify the
digital identity of the sender of a communication such as a request to log in. The sender being authenticated, often referred to as the principal, may be a person using a computer, a computer itself or a
computer program. A
blind credential, in contrast, does not establish identity at all, but only a narrow right or status of the user or program.
In a web of trust, "authentication" is a way to ensure users are who they say they are—that the user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact the user who is authorized to do so.
To distinguish authentication from the closely related term authorization, the short-hand notations
A1 (authentication) and
A2 (authorization) are occasionally used.The terms
AuthN /
AuthZ or
Au /
Az are also used to make this distinction in some communities.
The problem of
authorization is often thought to be identical to that of authentication; many widely adopted standardization security protocols, obligatory regulations, and even statutes are based on this assumption. However, more precise usage describes authentication as the process of verifying a person's identity, while authorization is the process of verifying that a known person has the authority to perform a certain operation. Authentication, therefore, must precede authorization. For example, when you show proper identification to a bank teller, you could be authenticated by the teller, and you would be authorized to access information about your bank accounts. You would not be authorized to access accounts that are not your own.
Since authorization cannot occur without authentication, the former term is sometimes used to mean the combination of authentication and authorization.
Access control
One familiar use of authentication is
access control. A computer system supposed to be used only by those authorized must attempt to detect and exclude the unauthorized. Access to it is therefore usually controlled by insisting on an authentication procedure to establish with some established degree of confidence the identity of the user, thence granting those privileges as may be authorized to that identity. Common examples of access control involving authentication include:
However, note that much of the discussion on these topics is misleading because terms are used without precision. Part of this confusion may be due to the 'law enforcement' tone of much of the discussion. No computer, computer program, or computer user can 'confirm the identity' of another party. It is not possible to 'establish' or 'prove' an identity, either. There are tricky issues lurking under what appears to be a straightforward surface.
It is only possible to apply one or more tests which, if passed, have been previously declared to be sufficient to proceed. The problem is to determine which tests are sufficient, and many such are inadequate. There have been many instances of such tests having been spoofed successfully; they have by their failure shown themselves, inescapably, to be inadequate. Many people continue to regard the test(s) -- and the decision to regard success in passing them—as acceptable, and blame their failure on 'sloppiness' or 'incompetence' on the part of someone. The problem is that the test was supposed to work in practice -- not under ideal conditions of no sloppiness or incompetence—and did not. It is the test which has failed in such cases. Consider the very common case of a confirmation email which must be replied to in order to activate an online account of some kind. Since email can easily be arranged to go to or come from bogus and untraceable addresses, this is an extremely weak authentication method.
Multifactor authentication
Human authentication factors are generally classified into three cases:
- Something the user has (e.g., ID card, security token, software token, phone, or cell phone)
- Something the user knows (e.g., a password, pass phrase, or personal identification number (PIN))
- Something the user is or does (e.g., fingerprint or retinal pattern, DNA sequence (there are assorted definitions of what is sufficient), signature or voice recognition, unique bio-electric signals, or another biometric identifier)
Often a combination of methods is used, e.g., a bankcard and a PIN, in which case the term 'two-factor authentication' is used. In 2006, several scientists at
RSA Laboratories published a paper exploring
social networking as a fourth factor of human authentication.
Historically,
fingerprints have been used as the most authoritative method of authentication, but recent court cases in the US and elsewhere have raised fundamental doubts about fingerprint reliability. Other biometric methods are promising (retinal and fingerprint scans are an example), but have shown themselves to be easily
Forgeryable in practice.
In a computer data context, cryptographic methods have been developed (
see digital signature and challenge-response authentication) which are currently not spoofable
if and only if the originator's key has not been compromised. That the originator (or anyone other than an Adversary) knows (or doesn't know) about a compromise is irrelevant. It is not known whether these cryptographically based authentication methods are provably secure since unanticipated mathematical developments may make them vulnerable to attack in future. If that were to occur, it may call into question much of the authentication in the past. In particular, a
digital signature legal instrument may be questioned when a new attack on the cryptography underlying the signature is discovered.
Strong authentication
The United States United States government's National Information Assurance Glossary defines
strong authentication as:
Layered authentication approach relying on two or more authenticators to establish the identity of an originator or receiver of information.
See also
External links
- Password Management Best Practices.
- Password Policy Guidelines.
- General Information on Enterprise Authentication.
- Guide to CISSP, Information Security Certification.
- Fourth-Factor Authentication: Somebody You Know or episode 94,related on it - on SecurityNow
- MySecureCyberspace: a resource for home users created by Carnegie Mellon CyLab
- [https://passkeeping.com/ PassKeeping: login on public computers without typing your real
- ISBN 038726194X - Biometric User Authentication for IT Security: Vielhauer, Claus 2005
- ISBN 0980000009 - User Authentication Principles, Theory, and Practice: Apelbaum 2006
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